Medición del gasto energético real por usar un producto comercial para ejercitarse en el hogar / Measurement of actual energy expenditure when using a commercial device for exercising at home

Resumen Montoya Arroyo, J.A., Ramírez Cambronero, J y Aragón Vargas, L.F. (2021). Medición del gasto energético real por usar un producto comercial para ejercitarse en el hogar. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-11. La evidencia sobre la importancia de ejercitarse regularmente es abrumadora. Muchas personas, conscientes de ello, recurren a las soluciones simples y atractivas que se les venden por televisión. Lamentablemente, muchos países no tienen reglamentación estricta para valorar las afirmaciones que hacen los productos comerciales; más aún, los requisitos para la evaluación científica de los productos relacionados con el ejercicio parecieran no existir. Cada vez que una persona compra un equipo para ejercitarse y poco después decide renunciar al ejercicio por la falta de resultados positivos, se da un paso hacia atrás en la salud pública. El propósito de este estudio fue medir el gasto energético inducido por utilizar un artículo comercialmente disponible para ejercitarse en casa y contrastarla con su publicidad. Se utilizaron distintos métodos de campo y laboratorio para medir el gasto energético de 27 estudiantes jóvenes, aparentemente saludables (15F, 12M; 19.1 ± 1.0 años; 1.647 ± .073 m; 63.09 ± 10.13 kg; M ± DT) mientras descansaban en posición decúbito supino durante diez minutos y mientras utilizaban la máquina para ejercitarse 10 minutos a intensidad intermedia. Ninguno de los métodos utilizados registró un gasto energético bruto superior a 272 kJ (65 kcal) en 10 min de actividad; el consumo de oxígeno durante el esfuerzo fue equivalente a 1.54 ± .23 MET, que corresponden a 23.4 ± 9.2 kJ (5.6 ± 2.2 kcal) de gasto neto o 70.3 ± 11.7 kJ (16.8 ± 2.8 kcal) de gasto bruto. En contraste, el gasto energético bruto reportado en el comercial del producto es de 277 kcal (1159 kJ) para 10 min. En conclusión, el gasto energético neto real es 1/50 (dos centésimas) del gasto energético presentado en la publicidad.

Abstract Montoya Arroyo, J.A., Ramírez Cambronero, J & Aragón Vargas, L.F. (2021). Measurement of actual energy expenditure when using a commercial device for exercising at home. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-11. The evidence on the importance of regular exercise is overwhelming. Awareness of this fact leads many people to resort to simple, attractive solutions marketed through TV. Many countries, unfortunately, lack strict regulations to assess the claims made by commercial items. Moreover, it would seem that requirements for scientific evaluation of exercise-related products do not exist at all. Every time someone purchases exercising equipment and shortly afterwards decides to give up working out because no positive results can be seen, one step backwards is taken in public health. The purpose of this study was to measure the actual energy expenditure induced by using a commercially available device for exercising at home and compare it to the claims made about it in advertising. Various field and laboratory methods were used to measure the energy expenditure of 27 young, apparently healthy students (15F, 12 M; 19.1 ± 1.0 years old; 1.647 ± .073 m; 63.09 ± 10.13 kg; mean ± SD) while they were resting for 10 minutes in supine position, and then while working out on the equipment at medium speed for 10 minutes. None of the methods used showed a gross energy expenditure above 272 kJ (65 kcal) in 10 min activity. Oxygen consumption during stress was equivalent to 1.54 ± .23 MET, corresponding to 23.4 ± 9.2 kJ (5.6 ± 2.2 kcal) net expenditure, or 70.3 ± 11.7 kJ (16.8 ± 2.8 kcal) gross expenditure. In contrast, the gross energy expenditure reported in the equipment's commercial is 277 kcal (1159 kJ) for 10 min. In conclusion, the actual net energy expenditure is 1/50 (two hundredths) the energy expenditure being claimed in the advertisements.

Resumo Montoya Arroyo, J.A., Ramírez Cambronero, J e Aragón Vargas, L.F. (2021). Medição do gasto energético real ao usar um produto comercial para exercitar-se em casa. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-11. A evidência sobre a importância da prática contínua do exercício físico é indiscutível. Muitas pessoas, conscientes disso, recorrem a soluções simples e atraentes vendidas pela televisão. Infelizmente, muitos países não têm regulamentações estritas para validar as afirmações que os produtos comerciais fazem; mais ainda, as exigências para a avaliação científica dos produtos relacionados com o exercício parecem não existir. Toda vez que uma pessoa compra um equipamento para se exercitar e pouco depois decide renunciar ao exercício pela falta de resultados positivos é um retrocesso para a saúde pública. Este estudo teve como propósito medir o gasto energético provocado pelo uso de um item comercialmente disponível para fazer exercício em casa e contrastá-lo com sua publicidade. Foram utilizados distintos métodos de campo e laboratório para medir o gasto energético de 27 estudantes jovens, aparentemente saudáveis (15F, 12M; 19,1 ± 1,0 anos; 1,647 ± 0,073 m; 63,09 ± 10,13 kg; M ± DT) enquanto descansavam na posição decúbito dorsal durante dez minutos e enquanto utilizavam a máquina para se exercitar por 10 minutos na intensidade média. Nenhum dos métodos utilizados registrou um gasto energético bruto superior a 272 kJ (65 kcal) em 10 min de atividade; o consumo de oxigênio durante o esforço foi equivalente a 1,54 ± 0,23 MET, correspondente a 23,4 ± 9,2 kJ (5,6 ± 2,2 kcal) de gasto líquido ou 70,3 ± 11,7 kJ (16,8 ± 2,8 kcal) de gasto bruto. Em contraste, o gasto energético bruto informado no comercial do produto é de 277 kcal (1159 kJ) para 10 min. Para concluir, o gasto energético líquido real é 1/50 (dois centésimos) do gasto energético apresentado na publicidade.

Euterpe Oleracea Mart. (Açaí) Reduces Oxidative Stress and Improves Energetic Metabolism in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats / Euterpe Oleracea Mart. (Açaí) Reduz o Estresse Oxidativo e Melhora o Metabolismo Energético da Lesão de Isquemia-Reperfusão Miocárdica Em Ratos

Abstract Background: Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) is a fruit with high antioxidant capacity and could be an adjuvant strategy to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Objective: To evaluate the influence of açaí in global ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were assigned to 2 groups: Control (C: receiving standard chow; n = 9) and Açaí (A: receiving standard chow supplemented with 5% açaí; n = 10). After six weeks, the animals were subjected to the global ischemia-reperfusion protocol and an isolated heart study to evaluate left ventricular function. Level of significance adopted: 5%. Results: There was no difference between the groups in initial body weight, final body weight and daily feed intake. Group A presented lower lipid hydroperoxide myocardial concentration and higher catalase activity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase than group C. We also observed increased myocardial activity of b-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, complex I, complex II and ATP synthase in the A group as well as lower activity of the lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase enzymes. The systolic function was similar between the groups, and the A group presented poorer diastolic function than the C group. We did not observe any difference between the groups in relation to myocardial infarction area, total and phosphorylated NF-kB, total and acetylated FOXO1, SIRT1 and Nrf-2 protein expression. Conclusion: despite improving energy metabolism and attenuating oxidative stress, açai supplementation did not decrease the infarcted area or improve left ventricular function in the global ischemia-reperfusion model.

Resumo Fundamento: Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) é uma fruta com alta capacidade antioxidante e pode ser uma estratégia adjuvante para atenuar a lesão de isquemia-reperfusão. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do açaí no modelo global de isquemia-reperfusão em ratos. Metodologia: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 2 grupos: Controle (C: recebendo ração padrão; n = 9) e Açaí (A: recebendo ração padrão suplementada com 5% de açaí; n = 10). Após seis semanas, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo global de isquemia-reperfusão e a estudo do coração isolado para avaliar a função ventricular esquerda. Nível de significância adotado: 5%. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao peso corporal inicial e final, e a ingestão diária de ração. O grupo A apresentou menor concentração miocárdica de hidroperóxido lipídico e maior atividade de catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase do que o grupo C. Também observamos aumento da atividade miocárdica da b-hidroxiacil coenzima-A desidrogenase, piruvato desidrogenase, citrato sintase, complexo I, complexo II e ATP sintase no grupo A, bem como menor atividade das enzimas lactato desidrogenase e fosfofructoquinase. A função sistólica foi semelhante entre os grupos, e o grupo A apresentou função diastólica pior que C. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos em relação à área de infarto do miocárdio, e expressão proteica de NF-kB total e fosforilado, e das proteínas FOXO1, SIRT1 e Nrf-2. Conclusão: apesar de melhorar o metabolismo energético e atenuar o estresse oxidativo, a suplementação de açaí não diminuiu a área infartada nem melhorou a função ventricular esquerda no modelo global de isquemia-reperfusão.

Chlorophyll treatment combined with photostimulation increases glycolysis and decreases oxidative stress in the liver of type 1 diabetic rats

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) promotes cell death, and it has been successfully employed as a treatment resource for neuropathic complications of diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is the major organ involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and in pathological conditions such as T1DM, changes in liver metabolic pathways result in hyperglycemia, which is associated with multiple organic dysfunctions. In this context, it has been suggested that chlorophyll-a and its derivatives have anti-diabetic actions, such as reducing hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, but these effects have not yet been proven. Thus, the biological action of PDT with chlorophyll-a on hepatic parameters related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress in T1DM Wistar rats was investigated. Evaluation of the acute effects of this pigment was performed by incubation of isolated hepatocytes with chlorophyll-a and the chronic effects were evaluated by oral treatment with chlorophyll-based extract, with post-analysis of the intact liver by in situ perfusion. In both experimental protocols, chlorophyll-a decreased hepatic glucose release and glycogenolysis rate and stimulated the glycolytic pathway in DM/PDT. In addition, there was a reduction in hepatic oxidative stress, noticeable by decreased lipoperoxidation, reactive oxygen species, and carbonylated proteins in livers of chlorophyll-treated T1DM rats. These are indicators of the potential capacity of chlorophyll-a in improving the status of the diabetic liver.

Beta-Blocker Type Effect on Substrate Oxidation during HIIE in Heart Failure Patients: Pilot Data / Efeito do Tipo Betabloqueador na Oxidação de Substratos durante HIIE em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca: Dados Piloto

Abstract The effect of third and second-generation type of beta-blocker on substrate oxidation especially during high-intensity exercises are scarce. The objective of the study is to explore differences of beta-blocker regimens (vasodilating vs. non-vasodilating beta-blockers) for substrate oxidation during in high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) in chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Eighteen CHF males (58.8 ± 9 years), 8 under use of β1 specific beta-blockers+alfa 1-blocker and 10 using β1 non-specific beta-blockers, were randomly assigned to 4 different HIIE, in a cross-over design. The 4 protocols were: 30 seconds (A and B) or 90 seconds (C and D) at 100% peak power output, with passive (A and C) or active recovery (50% of PPO; B and D). Energy expenditure (EE; kcal/min), quantitative carbohydrate (CHO) and lipid oxidation (g/min) and qualitative (%) contribution were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used (p-value ≤ 0.05) to compare CHO and lipid oxidation at rest and at 10min. Total exercise time or EE did not show differences for beta-blocker use. The type of beta-blocker use showed impact in CHO (%) and lipid (g/min and %) for rest and 10 min, but absolute contribution of CHO (g/min) was different just at 10min (Interaction p = 0.029). Higher CHO oxidation was found in vasodilating beta-blockers when comparing to non-vasodilating. According to our pilot data, there is an effect of beta-blocker type on substrate oxidation during HIIE, but no influence on EE or exercise total time in HFrEF patients.

Resumo Os dados sobre efeito do tipo de betabloqueador de terceira e segunda geração na oxidação do substrato, especialmente durante exercícios de alta intensidade, são escassos. O objetivo do estudo é explorar as diferenças de tratamentos com betabloqueadores (betabloqueadores vasodilatadores vs. não-vasodilatadores) na oxidação de substratos durante exercícios intermitentes de alta intensidade (HIIE) na insuficiência cardíaca crônica e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo reduzida (ICFEr). Dezoito pacientes do sexo masculino com ICC (58,8 ± 9 anos), 8 em uso de betabloqueadores β1 específicos + bloqueador α-1 e 10 utilizando betabloqueadores β1 não-específicos, foram aleatoriamente designados para 4 diferentes HIIE, em um desenho cruzado. Os 4 protocolos foram: 30 segundos (A e B) ou 90 segundos (C e D) a 100% da potência de pico de saída (PPO), com recuperação passiva (A e C) ou ativa (50% de PPO; B e D). O gasto energético (GE; kcal/min), a ingestão de carboidratos quantitativos (CHO) e oxidação lipídica (g/min) e qualitativa (%) foram calculados. Anova de dois fatores e teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foram usados (p-valor ≤ 0,05) para comparar a oxidação de CHO e lipídios em repouso e aos 10 minutos. O tempo total de exercício ou GE não mostraram diferenças de acordo com o uso de betabloqueadores. O tipo de betabloqueador mostrou impacto em CHO (%) e lípides (g/min e %) para repouso e aos 10 min, mas a contribuição absoluta de CHO (g/min) foi diferente apenas aos 10 minutos (Interação p = 0,029). Foram encontradas maiores oxidações de CHO com betabloqueadores vasodilatadores quando comparados com os não-vasodilatadores. De acordo com nossos dados piloto, há um efeito do tipo do betabloqueador na oxidação do substrato durante o HIIE, mas nenhuma influência no GE ou no tempo total de exercício nos pacientes com ICFEr.

Does caffeine ingestion before a short-term sprint interval training promote body fat loss?

We investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion combined with a 2-wk sprint interval training (SIT) on training-induced reductions in body adiposity. Twenty physically-active men ingested either 5 mg/kg of cellulose as a placebo (PLA, n=10) or 5 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF, n=10) 60 min before each SIT session (13×30 s sprint/15 s of rest). Body mass and skinfold thickness were measured pre- and post-training. Energy expenditure was measured at rest, during exercise, and 45 min after exercise in the first SIT session. Body fat was similar between PLA and CAF groups at pre-training (P>0.05). However, there was a significant decrease in body fat after training in the CAF group (−5.9±4.2%, P<0.05) but not in PLA (1.5±8.0%, P>0.05). There was no difference in energy expenditure at rest and during exercise between PLA and CAF groups (P>0.05), but the post-exercise energy expenditure was 18.3±21.4% greater in the CAF than in the PLA group (P<0.05). In conclusion, caffeine ingestion before SIT sessions induced a body fat loss that may be associated with higher post-exercise energy expenditure.

Body composition, resting energy expenditure and inflammatory markers: impact in users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate after 12 months follow-up

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate for 12 months the changes of body weight using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) and if these changes are related to inflammatory markers. Subjects and methods Twenty women of childbearing age who chose the DMPA, without previous use of this method, BMI < 30 kg/m2, and 17 women using IUD TCu 380A, participated in the study. At the baseline and after one year, changes in weight gain, body composition by the bioimpedance electric method, resting energy expenditure (REE) by the indirect calorimetry method, inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR were assessed. Results After 12 months of evaluation, we could observe a significant increase in the DMPA group in weight (3,01 kg) and BMI, while the IUD group’s only significant increase was observed in the BMI. Relative to REE there was an increase of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in both groups after one year. The sub-group DMPA that gained < 3 kg had increased significant weight, BMI and body surface (BS) with respiratory quotient (RQ) reduction, while the sub-group that gained ≥ 3 kg had a significant increase in weight, BMI, BS, fat-free mass, fat mass, BMR, Leptin, HOMA-IR and waist circumference, with RQ significantly reduced. Conclusion Our study found significant changes in weight, body composition and metabolic profile of the population studied in the first 12 months of contraceptive use. These changes mainly increased body weight, leptin levels and HOMA-IR which can contribute to the development of some chronic complications, including obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.

Gasto energético e medidas antropométricas de novas usuárias do contraceptivo injetável trimestral de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito / Energy expenditure and anthropometric measurements in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate

Objetivo:Avaliar o gasto energético e as medidas antropométricas de mulheres durante o primeiro ano de uso do método contraceptivo de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito.Métodos:Estudo prospectivo com grupo de comparação. Foram incluídas mulheres saudáveis, não obesas, nunca usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito e sem antecedentes que pudessem contribuir para a variação do peso corporal; foram distribuídas em dois grupos, 28 usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona e 24 usuárias de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre, pareadas por idade (±1 ano) e índice de massa corporal (kg/m2). As variáveis estudadas foram sociodemográficas (idade, etnia, tabagismo, etilismo, atividade física, classe econômica e escolaridade), peso (kg), índice de massa corporal, gasto energético basal e total, medidas de circunferência de cintura e quadril (cm) e relação cintura-quadril.Resultados:A idade das mulheres variou de 20-39 anos. As médias de idade/índice de massa corporal foram 29,6 (DP=±5,2) anos/23,9 (±3,6 kg/m2), no grupo de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito, e de 28,6 (DP=±5,2) anos/ 24,5 (±2,7 kg/m2), no grupo de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre. Após análise de variância para medidas repetidas, as usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito apresentaram ganho de 2,2 kg no peso corporal e de -0,2 kg no grupo do dispositivo intrauterino de cobre, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. Não houve discrepância nas demais variáveis estudadas.Conclusão:Mulheres saudáveis e jovens não apresentaram mudança no peso, nas medidas e nos gastos energéticos durante o primeiro ano de uso do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona. A orientação em relação aos hábitos saudáveis de vida e o monitoramento de medidas são importantes para o controle do peso corporal em usuárias de métodos contraceptivos.

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess energy expenditure and the anthropometric profile of women during the first year of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception.Methods:This prospective study included healthy non-obese women who had never used depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and did not have a history of weight fluctuations. The women were divided into two groups composed of 28 depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users and 24 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A) users. They were paired for age (+1 year) and body mass index (+1 kg/m2). The following variables were used: sociodemographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, economic class, and education level), weight (kg), body max index, resting and total energy expenditure, waist and hip circumferences (cm), and waist-to-hip ratio.Results:The age of the women studied ranged from 20-39 years. The mean values of age/body mass index ratio were 29.6 (SD=+5.2) years/23.9 (+3.6 kg/m2) in the depot medroxyprogesterone acetate group and 28.6 (SD=+5.2) years/24.5 (+2.7 kg/m2) in the intrauterine device group. After conducting repeated measures analysis of variance, the users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate showed weight gain of 2.2 kg, and those in the intrauterine device group showed weight loss of 0.2 kg without statistically significant difference between the groups. There were no significant differences between the other variables.Conclusion:There were no changes in weight, anthropometric measurements, and energy expenditure in the young and healthy women during the first year of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Guidelines and recommendations for a healthy lifestyle to avoid changes in the anthropometric measurements are important for weight control in users of contraceptive methods.

Fluvoxamine alters the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in the brain

Objective: Several studies support the hypothesis that metabolism impairment is involved in the pathophysiology of depression and that some antidepressants act by modulating brain energy metabolism. Thus, we evaluated the activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and creatine kinase in the brain of rats subjected to prolonged administration of fluvoxamine. Methods: Wistar rats received daily administration of fluvoxamine in saline (10, 30, and 60 mg/kg) for 14 days. Twelve hours after the last administration, rats were killed by decapitation and the prefrontal cortex, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum were rapidly isolated. Results: The activities of citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and complexes I, II-III, and IV were decreased after prolonged administration of fluvoxamine in rats. However, the activities of complex II, succinate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase were increased. Conclusions: Alterations in activity of energy metabolism enzymes were observed in most brain areas analyzed. Thus, we suggest that the decrease in citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and complexes I, II-III, and IV can be related to adverse effects of pharmacotherapy, but long-term molecular adaptations cannot be ruled out. In addition, we demonstrated that these changes varied according to brain structure or biochemical analysis and were not dose-dependent. .

Energy metabolism, leptin, and biochemical parameters are altered in rats subjected to the chronic administration of olanzapine / Metabolismo calórico, leptina e parâmetros bioquímicos se alteram em ratos submetidos à administração crônica de olanzapina

OBJECTIVES: Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug with affinities for dopamine, serotonin, and histamine binding sites appears to be associated with substantial weight gain and metabolic alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate weight gain and metabolic alterations in rats treated with olanzapine on a hypercaloric diet. METHODS: We used 40 rats divided into 4 groups: Group 1, standard food and water conditions (control); Group 2, standard diet plus olanzapine; Group 3, cafeteria diet (hypercaloric); and Group 4, olanzapine plus cafeteria diet. Olanzapine was administered by gavage at a dose of 3 mg/kg for 9 weeks. RESULTS There were no significant changes in the cholesterol levels in any group. Glucose levels increased in Group 3 by the fourth week. Triglyceride levels were altered in group 2 toward the end of the experiment. Leptin levels decreased in Groups 2 and 4. Complex II activity in the muscles and liver was altered in Group 2 (muscle), and Groups 2, 3, and 4 (liver). Complex IV activity was altered only in the liver in Group 2, without significant alterations within the muscles. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that olanzapine is correlated with weight gain and the risks associated with obesity.

OBJETIVOS: A olanzapina, uma droga antipsicótica atípica com afinidade por locais de ligação de dopamina, serotonina e histamina, parece se associar a um ganho de peso e a alterações metabólicas consideráveis. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o ganho de peso e as alterações metabólicas em ratos tratados com olanzapina numa dieta hipercalórica. MÉTODOS: Usamos 40 ratos divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1, condições padrão de alimento e água (controle); Grupo 2, dieta padrão mais olanzapina; Grupo 3, dieta hipercalórica; e Grupo 4, olanzapina mais dieta hipercalórica. Olanzapina foi administrada por gavagem a uma dose de 3 mg/kg por 9 semanas. RESULTADOS: Não houve alterações significativas nos níveis de colesterol em qualquer um dos grupos. Os níveis de glicose aumentaram no Grupo 3 por volta da quarta semana. Os níveis de triglicerídeos estavam alterados no Grupo 2 ao final do experimento. Os níveis de leptina diminuíram nos Grupos 2 e 4. A atividade do complexo II nos músculos e no fígado se alterou no Grupo 2 (músculos) e nos Grupos 2, 3 e 4 (fígado). A atividade do complexo IV se alterou apenas no fígado no Grupo 2, sem alterações significativas nos músculos. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que olanzapina se correlaciona ao ganho de peso e aos riscos associados à obesidade.

Short-term effects of a spinosyn's family insecticide on energy metabolism and liver morphology in frugivorous bats Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) / Efeitos em curto prazo de inseticida da família das espinosinas sobre o metabolismo energético e a morfologia hepática em morcegos frugívoros

A new class of insecticide derived from fermentation of Sacharopolyspora spinosa - spinosad, has been indicated as being of low toxicity and a natural alternative to classical pesticides. In order to elucidate several aspects related to the morphophysiological changes induced by spinosad in Artibeus lituratus, the effects of a seven-day administration on plasma glucose, glycogen, protein and lipid concentrations were evaluated, and possible changes in liver cells were examined by histological analysis. Animals were fed with spinosyn-contaminated fruit through immersion in a solution. Data reporting on metabolism revealed a decrease in hind limb muscle lipid concentration in the treated group. Morphological analysis indicated a significant increase in liver cell diameter in treated animals compared to the control group. This study indicates that spinosyn, used at its recommended dose, does not affect general energy metabolism in A. lituratus but may affect some ultrastructural characteristics of liver cells.

Uma nova classe de inseticida derivado da fermentação de Sacharopolyspora spinosa - espinosade - tem sido indicada como uma alternativa natural de baixa toxicidade aos agrotóxicos clássicos. A fim de elucidar diversos aspectos relacionados às mudanças morfofisiológicas induzidas por espinosade Artibeus lituratus, os efeitos da administração durante sete dias sobre a glicose plasmática, proteína de glicogênio, e as concentrações de lipídios foram avaliados, assim como possíveis alterações nas células do fígado foram examinadas por análise histológica. Os animais foram alimentados com frutas contaminadas com espinosade por meio de imersão em uma solução. Os dados sobre o metabolismo revelaram um decréscimo na concentração de lipídios dos músculos das patas posteriores dos animais do grupo tratado. A análise morfológica indicou um aumento significativo no diâmetro das células do fígado dos animais tratados em relação ao controle. Este estudo indica que o espinosade, utilizado na dose recomendada, não afeta o metabolismo energético em geral de A. lituratus, mas pode afetar algumas características ultraestruturais das células hepáticas.

Congenital leptin deficiency: diagnosis and effects of leptin replacement therapy / Deficiência congênita de leptina: diagnóstico e efeitos da terapia de reposição

To describe our 10-year experience in treating leptin-deficient humans. Three adults and one boy presented with childhood-onset morbid obesity, hypogonadism and family history of obesity and early death. Serum leptin was inappropriately low. A recessive C105T leptin gene mutation was identified. Metabolic and endocrine assessments were conducted, before and while on and off leptin. The adults' body mass index decreased from 51.2 ± 2.5 to 29.5 ± 2.8 kg/m². Serum lipids normalized, insulin resistance decreased, and one of the initially diabetic females became normoglycemic. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was reversed, and other changes were observed in the adrenal, sympathetic, somatotropic and thyroid functions. Leptin replacement therapy reverses endocrine and metabolic alterations associated with leptin deficiency. Some of these results may be extrapolated to other diseases.

Descrever nossa experiência de 10 anos tratando pacientes deficientes em leptina. Três adultos e um menino apresentaram obesidade mórbida com início na infância, hipogonadismo e história familiar de obesidade e morte precoce. A leptina sérica era inapropriadamente baixa. A mutação recessiva C105T no gene da leptina foi identificada. Avaliações metabólicas e endócrinas foram realizadas antes e durante o tratamento. O índice de massa corporal dos adultos baixou de 51,2 ± 2,5 para 29,5 ± 2,8 kg/m². Houve normalização dos lipídios séricos, a resistência insulínica diminuiu e a paciente que era diabética se tornou normoglicêmica. O hipogonadismo hipogonadotrópico foi revertido e outras alterações foram observadas nas funções adrenal, simpática, somatotrópica e tireoidiana. A reposição de leptina reverte as alterações endócrinas e metabólicas associadas com a deficiência de leptina. Alguns desses resultados podem ser extrapolados para outras doenças.

Effects of protein quality on appetite and energy metabolism in normal weight subjects / Efeitos da qualidade proteica no apetite e metabolismo energético de indivíduos eutróficos

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of consumption of different protein sources on food intake and energy expenditure in normal weight subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Breakfast preparations (casein, soy protein, whey protein or control) were ingested during seven consecutive days. Appetite, food intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. RESULTS: Casein consumption led to a lower energy intake than whey protein. There was lower energy intake on day 7 than on day 1 of the casein session. Soy protein preparations resulted in higher diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) than in control preparations. The respiratory quotient (RQ) obtained in the whey protein session was lower than the control and soy protein sessions. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the consumption of different protein types leads to distinct effects on satiety (casein), DIT (soy protein), and/or RQ (whey protein).

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos do consumo de diferentes fontes proteicas na ingestão alimentar e gasto energético em indivíduos eutróficos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Preparações (caseína, proteína da soja, proteína do soro de leite ou controle) foram ingeridas no desjejum, durante sete dias consecutivos. RESULTADOS: A caseína resultou em menor ingestão calórica do que o soro de leite. Houve uma menor ingestão calórica no último dia da sessão da caseína em relação ao primeiro dia. Preparações contendo proteína da soja resultaram em maior termogênese induzida pela dieta (TID) em comparação às preparações controle. O cociente respiratório (CR) obtido na sessão do soro de leite foi menor que na sessão controle e da proteína da soja. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que o consumo de diferentes tipos de proteínas resulta em efeitos distintos na saciedade (caseína), TID (proteína da soja) e/ou CR (proteína do soro).

Emerging drugs for obesity therapy: [review] / Novos fármacos para o tratamento da obesidade: [revisão]

Central obesity have an important impact on the development of risk factors for coronary heart disease, including dislipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension. These factors contribute to building cardiovascular (CV) disease as a major cause of death. The approach to obesity therapy should be designed to reduce CV risk and mortality. Diet and lifestyle changes remain the cornerstones of therapy for obesity, but the resultant weight loss is often small and long-term success is uncommon and disappointing. Drug therapy is considered for individuals with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m² or ranging from 25 to 30 kg/m² if they have comorbid conditions. Antiobesity agents can be helpful to some patients in achieving and maintaining meaningful weight loss, but yet our pharmaceutical tools are of limited effectiveness considering the magnitude of the problem. At the present, only two drugs, orlistat and sibutramine, are approved for long-term treatment of obesity and promote no more than 5 to 10 percent of weight loss. Rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist, was withdrawn from the market because of concerns about its safety, including risk of suicidal and seizures, although very effective in promoting clinically meaningful weight loss, reduction in waist circumference, and improvements in several metabolic risk factors, rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist was withdrawn from the market because it concerns about its safety, including risk of suicidal and seizures. Fortunately, recent fundamental insights into the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating body weight provide an expanding list of molecular targets for novel, rationally designed antiobesity drugs. In this review, the therapeutic potential of some antiobesity molecules in the development will be analyzed based on an understanding of energy homeostasis.

Obesidade e, particularmente, a obesidade central têm influência importante na predisposição a fatores de risco para doença coronariana, incluindo dislipidemia, intolerância à glicose, resistência à insulina e hipertensão. Tais fatores contribuem para tornar as doenças cardiovasculares (DC) causas frequentes de morte. Os métodos de tratamento da obesidade deveriam ser voltados à redução do risco e da mortalidade devido às doenças cardiovasculares. Dietas e mudanças no estilo de vida continuam sendo fatores-chave no tratamento à obesidade, mas a perda de peso resultante é geralmente pequena e o sucesso em longo prazo costuma ser incomum e frustrante. O tratamento com medicamentos é indicado para indivíduos com índice de massa corpórea superior a 30 kg/m² ou entre 25 e 30 kg/m², se apresentarem comorbidades. Agentes antiobesidade podem ajudar alguns pacientes a alcançar e manter uma perda de peso significativa, mas, ainda assim, os agentes farmacológicos são pouco efetivos considerando-se a magnitude do problema. Atualmente, apenas duas drogas, orlistat e sibutramina, são consideradas efetivas para tratamentos em longo prazo, promovendo não mais do que 5 por cento a 10 por cento de perda de peso. Embora seja muito eficaz ao promover perda de peso significativa do ponto de vista clínico, redução da circunferência da cintura e melhora no perfil metabólico, o rimonabanto, um antagonista do receptor canabinoide 1, foi retirado do mercado por fatores relacionados à segurança, incluindo a ocorrência de suicídios e convulsões. Felizmente, conhecimentos fundamentais recentes sobre mecanismos neuroendócrinos que regulam o peso corporal forneceram uma lista considerável de alvos moleculares para novas drogas antiobesidade produzidas racionalmente. Nesta revisão de literatura, a eficácia terapêutica de algumas moléculas antiobesidade será analisada com base no entendimento da homeostase energética.

Impact of copper on the oxidative metabolism of the fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) at different pH.

In order to evaluate the impact of copper on the energetics of a fish, the levels of glucose, glycogen, pyruvate and lactate, the rate of tissue oxygen consumption and the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were estimated in the whole body of the fry of Cyprinus carpio immediately after 1, 7, 15 and 30 days on exposure to a sublethal concentration of copper 0.08 mgl(-1) at pH 7.5 (normal), 6.0 (weak acidic) and 9.0 (weak alkaline). Aprogressive increase in glucose level and glycogen phosphorylase activity with the corresponding decrease in glycogen level over the time of exposure at pH 7.5 indicated glycogenolysis. Increase in the rate of oxygen consumption, pyruvate level and ICDH and SDH activities at days 1 and 7 (day 1 > 7) followed by their decrease at days 15 and 30 (day 15 < 30) at pH 7.5 indicated an initial elevation in the energetics of the fish fry with a gradual suppression of it on prolonged exposure. During this period the animal might have relied more on energetically less efficient glycolysis as evident by the progressive increase in the level of lactate and LDH activity. The degree of glycogenolysis was relatively more at pH 6.5 than at pH 7.5. At that pH, a progressive decrease in glucose level with an increase in the pyruvate and lactate levels and in LDH activity and a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption and ICDH and SDH activities revealed greater reliance of the fish on anaerobic glycolysis than on oxidative metabolism. At pH 9.0 also the fish fry initially exhibited glycogenolysis, but gradually it came to normal on day 30 (day 1 > 7 > 15 > 30). Decrease in the glucose level, increase in pyruvate level, rate of oxygen consumption, and ICDH and SDH activities at all the days of exposure suggested an elevation in oxidative metabolism, but it also came to normal on prolonged exposure. Even the lactate level and LDH activity initially increased but gradually reached to normal on day 30. These results indicated that copper suppresses the energetics of the fish fry at pH 6.0, elevates at pH 9.0 relative to the changes at pH 7.5 suggesting that the toxicity of copper is dependent on pH of the water.

O papel do exercício no tratamento do diabetes melito tipo 1 / The role of exercise in the treatment of type 1 diabetes

Apesar de o exercício ser associado à redução da mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1), vários pontos do tópico exercício em DM1 merecem discussão. Por exemplo: resultados contraditórios têm sido relatados sobre os benefícios da atividade física no controle metabólico desses pacientes. Ainda controverso também é o tipo de exercício mais benéfico neste grupo. Outro ponto refere-se ao melhor ajuste na dose de insulina recomendada para a prática de exercício. Este artigo propõe-se a discutir esses e outros tópicos. O efeito do exercício no controle metabólico em DM1 permanece controverso. Alguns autores encontrando um efeito benéfico na hemoglobina glicada e outros não. Outro ponto controverso é o tipo de exercício mais indicado: resistido ou aeróbico. Existem poucos trabalhos na literatura sobre o efeito do exercício resistido no controle metabólico em DM1. Ainda sem esclarecimento é o efeito do exercício no perfil lipídico em DM1. A intensidade e a duração do exercício, o grau de atividade do indivíduo, a presença de complicações do diabetes, o tempo de doença e o quadro clínico são algumas variáveis que devem ser analisadas antes de se iniciar um programa de exercício. Um esquema de ajuste na dose de insulina e/ou reposição de carboidrato devem ser estratégias utilizadas para se evitar a hipoglicemia relacionada ao exercício. Outros dois aspectos importantes são hidratação e a monitorização que deve ser realizada antes, durante e após o exercício. Ainda neste artigo é discutida avaliação médica pré-exercício.

Although physical activity has been associated with cardiovascular mortality reduction in type-1 diabetes (DM1) patients, many points in the topic 'exercise' deserve a closer look. For example: contradictory data have been reported regarding the benefits of physical activity on metabolic control in these patients. Still contradictory is the type of exercise that brings more benefit in this group. Another issue is the best way of reducing insulin doses for exercise. This article intent to discuss these topics. The effect of exercise on metabolic control in DM1 is still contradictory. Some authors show a beneficial effect on glycated hemoglobin (A1c) and others do not. Another point to be analized is which type of exercise is better for these patients: aerobic or of resistance. There is a lack of information related to the effect of resistance exercises without the aerobic training on metabolic control in type-1 diabetes. The effect of exercise on lipid profile in DM1 is another issue. The intensity and duration of the exercises, the level of physical activity, the duration of the disease and the presence of cronic complications are some points that might be taken into consideration before starting an exercise program. Guidelines for the reduction in insulin dose or the use of carbohydrate are strategies to avoid hypoglycemia related to exercises. Hydration and self-monitored blood glucose levels are also very important topics. This article will also discuss the clinical evaluation before doing any exercise.

The Increase in Hepatic Uncoupling by Fenofibrate Contributes to a Decrease in Adipose Tissue in Obese Rats

Fenofibrate is a drug that has been suggested to inhibit weight gain by increasing the catabolism of fatty acid in the hepatic mitochondria. We hypothesized that fenofibrate induces an increase in energy expenditure in the hepatic mitochondria, which results in the reduction of adipose tissue. In this study we measured hepatic uncoupling protein (UCP)-2, -3, core temperatures and abdominal fat composition with MRI in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. The fenofibrate group (n=7) was fed fenofibrate (320 mg/kg) mixed chow. The control group (n=7) was fed chow only. The body weight (531.6+/-7.6 g) of the fenofibrate group was significantly lower than that (744.3+/-14.9 g) of the control group (p<0.005). The areas of visceral and subcutaneous fat in the fenofibrate group (11.0+/-0.9 cm2, 4.2+/-0.3 cm2) were significantly less than those in the control group (21.0+/-0.7 cm2, 7.4+/-0.4 cm2) (p=0.046, respectively). The esophageal and rectal temperatures of the fenofibrate group (37.7+/-0.1 degrees C, 33.1+/-0.2 degrees C) were significantly higher than those of the control group (37.3+/-0.1 degrees C, 32.2+/-0.1 degrees C) (p=0.025, p=0.005). There was de novo expression of UCP-3 in the liver of the fenofibrate group. These data suggest that increased energy dissipation, via hepatic UCP-3 by fenofibrate, contribute to decreased weight gain in obese rats.

Influence of sublethal ammonia toxicity on some physiological parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) fingerlings.

Fingerlings of Labeo rohita subjected to sublethal unionized ammonia (0.132mg/l) for 30 days exhibited significant changes. Increase in haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasma cortisol, plasma glucose, plasma cholesterol and plasma lactic acid levels whereas, decrease in plasma chloride, liver and muscle glycogen, hepatosomatic index and DNA/RNA ratio of muscles with stable plasma protein was observed. Metabolic recovery was not observed within 30 days of exposure.

Impact of cadmium on food utilization of the Indian major carp, Catla catla (Ham).

Catla catla, under the sublethal stress of cadmium exhibited depletion in food utilization parameters and it was concentration dependent. Heavy metal intoxication was found to exhibit reduction in biomass.

Tackling radioresistance of hypoxic cells by metabolic modulation of bioenergetics--a 31P MRS study on perfused Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

In an attempt to overcome resistance of hypoxic cells to radiotherapy, the combination of a hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a promising radiomodifier, was evaluated by assessing the alterations in phosphorylated metabolites and bioenergetics induced in perfused Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells, using Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-MRS). By reducing flow rate of perfusion, a relatively hypoxic condition of tumor was simulated. Changes in bioenergetics levels induced by the combined treatment of Photosan, a Hpd, and 2-DG, under reduced perfusion conditions were more pronounced. Significantly higher uptake of 2-DG and irreversibility of the reduction in cellular bioenergetics induced by the combined treatment, observed under simulated hypoxic conditions, might have considerable implications in optimizing tumor radiotherapy using 2-DG as an adjuvant. These result also suggest the usefulness of this technique to easily simulate hypoxic conditions of tumors in vitro that could be used for rapid in vitro pharmacological evaluation of promising therapeutic strategies.

Differing response of body weight gain to high fat diet treatment in the mouse.

Forty-eight mice maintained on a high fat diet supplement in addition to regular laboratory rodent chow responded differently in terms of body weight gain over a period of six weeks. Eleven mice gained weight that was comparable to body weights of mice given only chow for the same period of time while the others gained significantly higher body weights and became obese despite similar level of energy intakes. The increase in body weight was due to increase in body fat content as noted by carcass analysis. The differential response of the mice to identical dietary treatment in causing obesity or not in mice is discussed.